Augustus (lived 63 BC–AD 14)

Augustus was adopted in Caesar’s will in 44 BC. In 43 BC, as triumvir with Antony and Lepidus, he agreed to proscription lists on which some three hundred senators were condemned to death (Appian, Civil Wars 4.5). He defeated Caesar’s assassins at Philippi (42 BC) and Antony at Actium (31 BC).

In 27 BC the Senate gave him the title Augustus. He claimed he had “restored the republic,” but in practice he kept full power for 41 years. He rebuilt Rome, built the Forum of Augustus and the Ara Pacis, and in the Res Gestae, inscribed before the Mausoleum, presented his own version of his rule.

He died on August 19, AD 14, in Nola, of natural causes. His wife for over 50 years was Livia, and his successor her son Tiberius.